From the First to the Second Demographic Transition: An Interpretation of the Spatial Continuity of Demographic Innovation in France, Belgium and Switzerland
نویسنده
چکیده
This article links spatial indicators of two demographic innovation waves to historical and contemporary covariates of both a socio-economic and a cultural nature. The two waves of innovation correspond respectively to the so called “first” and “second” demographic transitions (FDT, SDT). A connection is made between the emergence of spatial demographic patterns and A.J. Coale’s three preconditions for innovation, i.e. “readiness”, “willingness” and “ability” (RWA-model) and to the influence of networks in shaping relatively stable regional subcultures. Since the RWA-model is of the “bottleneck” type, it is expected that the slowest moving or most resistant condition will largely determine the spatial outcome of the two demographic transitions. In the instances of French départements, Belgian arrondissements and Swiss cantons clear statistical associations emerge between indicators of both FDT and SDT and cultural indicators. This suggests that the “willingness” condition, as reflected in regional subcultures, has been the dominant bottleneck in both waves of demographic innovation. The Swiss evidence is, however, weaker than that for France and Belgium despite the fact that, here too, associations are in the expected direction. Résumé. (to be checked & rewritten by native French speaker svp) Cet article met en évidence une corrélation spatiale entre plusieurs indicateurs des deux vagues d’innovation démographique d’une part et une série d’indicateurs du type socioéconomique et culturel d’autre part. Les deux vagues d’innovation correspondent à la première (FDT) et la deuxième transition démographique (SDT). En outre, le modèle RWA proposé par A.J. Coale (R = « ready », W = « Willing », A = « able ») implique l’existence d’un « goulet d’étrenglement » produit par la condition la plus inerte des trois. Dans le cas des départements français, des arrondissements belges et des cantons suisses, il s’avère qu’il y a une nette correspondence entre les cartes FDT et SDT et les cartes d’indicateurs culturels mesurés pendant deux siècles. Ceci suggère que, aussi pendant la deuxième transition démographique, le rôle des cultures régionales stables a été préponderant. Ceci impliquerait que la condition W (ou « willingness ») a été la plus inerte une fois de plus. Cependant, les correspondances spatiales en Belgique et en France sont plus stables qu’en Suisse, ou la cohabitation prénuptiale actuelle se conforme moins à l’expérience démographique lors de la première transition.
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